Margarete Berger-Hamerschlag and Josef Berger papers

Margarete Berger-Hamerschlag (sometimes also Margareta or Gretl) was born in 1902 to parents Richard Hamerschlag and Pauline Hamerschlag (née Herz). Her father, born 7 October 1872, was a secular Jewish doctor with strong sense of social justice, and the son of a military officer from Bohemia, Adolf Hamerschlag. Her mother was born on 1 June 1875 to Babette (née Selig) and Berthold Herz. Richard and Pauline were married in Vienna on 29 May 1900. Margarete’s sister Cornelia (also known as Nelly or Helene), was born on 9 October 1904. The family lived in the Reinlgasse in Vienna until about 1909, when they moved to a large flat in the Breitenseerstrasse. They took holidays abroad regularly and had a small number of house servants, including a British governess, Nancy Harvey, from whom they learnt English. From 1911, on the recommendation of the artist Kolo Moser, Margarete went to the junior art class run by Franz Cižek and from 1917 until 1922 she attended the Wiener Kunstgewerbeschule (School of Applied Art). She attended classes run by the architect und stage designer Oskar Strnad and the interior designer and head of the fashion department of the Wiener Werkstätte, Eduard Wimmer-Wisgrill, and workshops on printing technique led by Bertold Löffler. Margarete lithographed two books: Kinderfreuden, in which she produced both the text and illustrations, and E.A. Poe’s Die Maske des roten Todes, 1924, which were published by the Wiener Werkstätte. Kinderfreuden in particular was very successful. After leaving college Margarete began to establish herself as an illustrator and artist, working in oils, water colours and wood cuts. At 20 years old she became an editor of the magazine Wiener Mode, and illustrated newspapers and magazines such as Die Muskete and Der Sonntag. She exhibited her work at the Galerie Schamer in Frankfurt, Galerie Würthle in Vienna, and with the Hagenbund in Vienna. After WW1 women were still not able to exhibit as members of art societies, but at the first women’s exhibition held at the Museum für Kunst und Industrie in 1927, Margarete exhibited several works. In 1928 Margarete was commissioned to design costumes for Anton Bragaglia’s La Morte di Dottor Faust at the Teatro degli Indepententi Sperimentale in Rome; according to one account she also directed a number of plays there. In 1922 Margarete had married Josef Berger, architect and pupil of modernist architect Adolf Loos, in 1922, and they lived together in the Rosenhügel artists’ colony in Vienna in the 1920s. The list of friends who joined them on their honeymoon gives some indication of the social circles in which they moved: the fashion designers Hilde Lampl and Fritzi Hohenberg (Josef’s sisters); Hilde’s husband Fritz Lampl, founder of the Blimini Glass company in Vienna; architect Otto Bauer; playwright Carl Zuckmayer; poet Albert Ehrenstein; and the architect Otto Breuer. Frustrated at the lack of opportunities for artists in Austria, and following the establishment of the Austrofascist regime, in May 1934 the couple left Austria for Haifa in British Mandate Palestine, where Josef had a commission to build a hotel. Over the following year Josef worked on this and looked for further architectural projects, while Margarete painted the landscape and people of Palestine and travelled alone to Syria and Lebanon, recording her impressions in sketches, painting and writing. In Haifa she designed costumes for the dancer Yardena Cohen, later recognised as in the vanguard of modern dance in pre-State Israel. An exhibition of Margarete’s work was held at the New Gallery in Jerusalem, and her work continued to be exhibited back in Europe, for example, at an exhibition of Austrian art at the Východoslovenské Museum in Košice in eastern Czechoslovakia in 1935. In Haifa the couple were close to a group of German-speaking immigrants who felt distant from Zionism and viewed themselves primarily as temporary refugees from Europe and, including the German writer Arnold Zweig and his wife. Margarete and Josef had in fact given up Judaism in 1926 and 1919 respectively, and Margarete later converted to Catholicism. With political unrest between Jews and Arabs on the rise, in late 1935 Margarete and Josef decided to leave Palestine and move to the UK. Margarete left first, travelling by sea from Haifa to London in December 1935, and Josef joined her in London in 1936. They lived close to the Austrian Centre in a flat in Sussex Gardens near Paddington, and their son Florian (later Raymond) was born there in 1937. After the German annexation of Austria in 1938, Margarete and Josef made great efforts to help friends and relatives still in Vienna. Together with their friends the artist couple Stephen Bone and Mary Adshead, they found financial guarantors for other refugees. Margarete’s mother Pauline and the couple’s friends, Hilde and Fritz Lampl, managed to escape Austria and reach the UK before war broke out. Margarete’s sister Nelly, who had married the architect Paul Koch, moved to Paris and survived the war years there. On the outbreak of the Second World War, Margarete was evacuated with Florian to Wooton Fitzpaine and Bridport in Dorset. After her return to London she and her husband were again separated when Josef Berger was interned as an enemy alien on the Isle of Man in July 1940. Margarete and Florian lived through the early days of the Blitz in London but moved to Oxford on 21 September after their flat was bombed. She was supported by a number of prominent individuals who made repeated appeals for Josef’s release, including Sir Muirhead Bone and his son Stephen Bone, Eric Newton, Professor Sir Charles Reilly, and Lord Lytton of RIBA. He was finally released in late December 1940. The following year he began working for the London County Council under Professor Abercrombie, and the family moved back to London to 20 Warwick Ave, where they remained until 1955. Throughout the war the couple supported other refugees from Hitler’s regime, some of whom would stay at the house in Warwick Avenue. Margarete kept in active contact with other emigrant artists such as Siegfried Charoux and the artist couple Bettina Ehrlich Bauer and Georg Ehrlich, and she was also well connected in British society. Margarete participated in numerous group exhibitions. In June and July 1939, her work was shown in the First Group Exhibition of German, Austrian, Czechoslovakian Painters and Sculptors organised by the Free German League of Culture at the Wertheim Gallery, London. Her art was also displayed at the Arcade Gallery, Heals Art Gallery and the ‘Contemporary European Women Painters’ exhibition in 1946. She also designed clothes (possibly as commissions) for the actor Elisabeth Bergner and other acquaintances, and she wrote articles and drew illustrations for UK-based newspapers Die Zeitung, the News Chronicle and Night and Day. In the post-war years Margarete resumed her travels and painting, particularly around southern Europe. Her diaries, letters and paintings reveal that between 1947 and 1954 she travelled to Corsica, Austria, Sardinia, and mainland Italy. In 1954 she travelled for some weeks in July and August with the Viennese choreographer and actor Gisa Geert, who was at that time working in theatres in Italy. Geert appears to have told Margarete she could secure her design work with revue troupes in Rome, although it is unclear to what extent this plan was realised. In Rome Margarete also was in contact with Anton Bragaglia again and possibly found work through him. Her archive reveals that in addition to painting Margarete also wrote short stories, poems, short plays for theatre, an autobiography of her childhood and youth up to the age of 20, and her reflections on various aspects of her travels and work experiences. One of these, her most successful publication, was Journey into a Fog (1955), containing 16 of her own illustrations, notably her paintings of teddy boys. This was based on the diaries she kept and drawings she had made based on her experiences of teaching in local youth clubs. Journey into a Fog was published by Victor Gollancz. 25,000 copies were sold and a paperback edition was published in 1956. This gave her some financial independence and the family bought a house at 38 South Hill Park, London NW3. Margarete Berger-Hamerschlag died of cancer on 5 April 1958.